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Official websites use .govA .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Surface in southwestern Kansas and subsurface in western Kansas. Smith, H. T. U. Mostly stream deposits; where thin, high above present drainage. These rocks have been identified in the Forest City, Salina, and Sedgwick Basins. Featheredge in northern Kansas to 650 feet in Cowley County. Moore and others, 1951, p. 17; Frye, 1949; Smith, 1940; Frye, Leonard, and Swineford, 1956; Geological Survey ground-water reports. It is deemed that interest in gas storage at the present time primarily concerns porous rocks that are in structural positions that cause them to be actual or potential reservoirs. Moore and others, 1951, p. 116; Keroher and Kirby, 1948; Jewett, 1954, p. 55; Jewett, 1954a. Average thickness in eastern Kansas about 350 feet, northeastern Kansas about 500 feet, southwestern Kansas as much as 1,800 feet. By 1910, numerous industries had been established on the basis of cheap natural gas available in eastern Kansas counties. Underlie all of state; nearest to land sur- face in Nemaha County in northeastern Kansas, at greatest depth in southwestern part of state. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33. Survey Bull. Some "structural traps" in Pennsylvanian rocks in eastern Kansas have no or very little surface indications; some structures that are traps in pre-Pennsylvanian sediments are completely concealed. The youngest and uppermost parts of this rock section, however, that are of present interest in reference to natural gas storage are believed to be in the lower part of the Permian and in the upper part of the Pennsylvanian. 34, 35, 36, T. 34 S., R. 17 E; 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, T. 25 S., R. 17 E. Max. Youngest Ordovician rocks in Kansas are shale beds, some of which are silty and dolomitic, known as Sylvan, or sometimes Maquoketa Shale. Current UGS regulationsmandate that underground gas storage operators create and maintainrisk management and emergency response plans specific to each UGS project. This is, in general, the original text as published. 1. Natural gas is stored in Kansas subsurface rocks in depleted sandstone reservoirs, which are overlain and underlain by less pervious materials. Rich, J. L. (1926) Further observations on shoestring oil pools in eastern Kansas: Am. Jewett, J. M. (1954) Oil and gas in eastern Kansas: Kansas Geol. In the 14 projects in the state, 661 wells are used as injection or producing wells and 68 wells are used for observation. Thickness about 900 feet. The Central Kansas Uplift, nearly in the same area as the older (preMississippian) Ellis Arch, is designated as a petroliferous province in Kansas, and is the state's most prolific oil producing area. Thickest formations chiefly shale as much as 200 feet thick. Marine beds grade laterally westward updip into nonmarine strata consisting of red shale, sandstone, and arkose. Sealing off portions of these mines would be comparatively easy. Subsurface in southwestern Kansas. Survey Bull. The Boyer project in Butler County, Colony in Anderson County, Craig in Johnson County, Elk City in Elk and Montgomery Counties, McLouth in Jefferson and Leavenworth Counties, Piqua in Allen and Woodson Counties, and Welda North and Welda South in Anderson County are operated by Cities Service Gas Company. https://geoappext.nrcan.gc.ca/arcgis/rest/services/NACEI/energy_infrastructure_of_north_america_en/MapServer/37, https://geoappext.nrcan.gc.ca/arcgis/rest/services/NACEI/energy_infrastructure_of_north_america_fr/MapServer/37, Natural Gas Underground Storage (Group layer), https://geoappext.nrcan.gc.ca/arcgis/services/NACEI/energy_infrastructure_of_north_america_en/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS&legend_format=image/png&feature_info_type=text/html&layers=0, https://geoappext.nrcan.gc.ca/arcgis/services/NACEI/energy_infrastructure_of_north_america_fr/MapServer/WMSServer?request=GetCapabilities&service=WMS&legend_format=image/png&feature_info_type=text/html&layers=0, Natural Gas Underground Storage (English), https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nacei_cnaie/energy_infrastructure/NaturalGasUndergroundStorage_NorthAmerica_201701_SHP.zip, https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nacei_cnaie/energy_infrastructure/StockageSouterrainGazNaturel_AmeriqueDuNord_201701_SHP.zip, https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nacei_cnaie/energy_infrastructure/NaturalGasUndergroundStorage_NorthAmerica_201701.xlsx, https://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nacei_cnaie/energy_infrastructure/StockageSouterrainGazNaturel_AmeriqueDuNord_201701.xlsx. [available online], Lee, Wallace (1953) Subsurface geologic cross section from Meade County to Smith County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Glauconitic, noncherty dolostone. At the end of 1958, there were more than 3,800 producing wells in the Kansas part of the Hugoton Gas Area. Survey Bull. (Map courtesy of U.S. Energy Information Administration. 1) is in a stratigraphic trap in Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) rocks. 104, p. 1-397. Thickness about 500 feet. A large part of the Hugoton gas is transported across Kansas. The paragraphs above outline the general structural conditions in: Kansas that are of consequence to underground gas storage projects. Many oil traps, especially not far below upper eroded surface that cuts across various formations. More details may be had from numerous publications on individual fields or other areas. Sandstone-bearing Cretaceous rocks are present in the subsurface west of their outcrop belt, which is along the eastern border of the Cretaceous outcrop area (Fig. 10). Underground gas storage regulations require that gas storage wells are constructed to ensure that there is no single point of failureand that injectedgas is confined to the approved storage reservoir. In passing it may be noted that the northern part of the Central Kansas area is in some reports properly designated as Cambridge Arch; the extreme southern part has been called Pratt Anticline (Jewett, 1958, fig. Clays, silts, sands, gravels, boulders, in surficial deposits, mostly unconsolidated, comprising soil, valley fillings, stream terraces, deposits of loess, and the glacial deposits of northeastern Kansas. [available online], Leatherock, Constance (1945) The correlation of rocks of Simpson age in north-central Kansas with the St. Peter Sandstone and associated rocks in northwestern Missouri: Kansas Geol. The information has not been updated. Much of the gas and oil that has been discovered in eastern Kansas occurs in "shoestring sands". Fresh-water bearing beds of great importance, not suited for gas storage because of shallow depth and lack of impervious sealing beds. By far the greatest amount of Kansas gas production has come from the prolific Hugoton Gas Area in western Kansas and adjoining areas of the Texas-Oklahoma Panhandles. 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25. For convenience, Kansas rocks may be divided arbitrarily into seven main structural categories. Jewett, J. M., and Smith, R. K. (1949) Oil-bearing rocks in Kansas: Mines Magazine, v. 39, no. [available online]. Figure 4Map of Kansas showing location of petroliferous provinces. Survey Bull. Geologic conditions in the state are such that possibilities for storage in more underground reservoirs is very promising. 3). Consumption within Kansas amounted to only 362,280,000 M cubic feet or 64 percent of the marketed production. It is possible that partly depleted gas reservoirs may at some time be of value for gas storage. The facilities are usually hollowed-out salt domes, geological reservoirs (depleted oil or gas field) or water bearing sands (called aquifers) topped by an impermeable cap rock. Very small amounts of gas, probably less than one percent of the total, come from eastern counties. Chiefly red beds of siltstone, fine-grained sandstone, and silty shale. Arbuckle rocks are absent from the northern part of the Nemaha Anticline and adjacent areas as far west as eastern Washington County and northeastern Clay County; from higher parts of the Central Kansas Uplift in Barton, Ellis, Rush, and Russell Counties; and from the northern part of the same uplift (or the Cambridge Arch) in Decatur and Norton Counties. Subsurface only, except small outcrop area in southeast corner of state. Later, insufficiency of new supplies of natural gas forced out of business those pipelines dependent upon declining reserves. 6, sec. These deposits are of some importance as a "cap rock" above Simpson and Viola oil pools; little or no gas has been found in the Sylvan in Kansas. Interior (1959) 1958 Minerals Yearbook, v. 2, Fuels, p. 322-324. The locations of active gas fields and of major gas pipe lines are shown on Figure 1. A rapid development of the huge gas reservoir in southwestern Kansas came in the early 1940's. Fortunately near the centers of larger population and industries, Wichita (Sedgwick County, population 332,092*), Greater Kansas City (Wyandotte County, population 184,357*; Johnson County, population 141,694*), and Topeka (Shawnee County, population 144,357*), natural reservoirs at comparatively shallow depths are believed to be sufficient for storing gas in as large quantities as may be desired in the foreseeable future. Shallow and generally lack impervious seals. Survey Bull. The Roubidoux is believed to be the most widely distributed Ordovician formation in the state; it is probably thickest in the southeastern part. 52, pt. Important source of fresh water in southeastern Kansas. ; withdrawals direct from pipelineno compressors. Jewett, J. M. (1959) Graphic column and classification of rocks in Kansas: Kansas Geol, Survey, (chart), 25" x 38". Mainly cherty, coarse-grained dolostones. Depths below the surface range from about 400 to 1,000 feet. Sandstone beds, mostly in lower part, offer probable reservoirs in many areas. 8, 9, 16, 17, 20, T. 29 S., R. 15 E. (Cottage Grove or Noxie) Injection from high-pressure line. Great Hugoton gas pool is in deeply buried stratigraphic trap in southwestern Kansas. Pervious sandstones in the upper part of. There seem to be no reasons that similar "salt jugs" could not be utilized for storing gas. U.S. Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration The thickness of "Quaternary" deposits may range locally to 500 feet but generally it is less than 100 feet. There were 494,000 residential consumers in Kansas during 1958, utilizing 64,486,000 M cubic feet at an average value of 60.4 cents per thousand (Minerals Yearbook, v. 2, Fuels, 1958). The UGS program within the Geologic Energy Management Division (CalGEM) helps ensure that storage operations are conducted safely through robust regulation. Identified in Kansas only in central and northeastern parts. Ill-sorted, round to angular, coarse- to fine-grained sandstone. As of January 1, 1960, there were 14 active gas storage projects and 1 pending project in Kansas (Table 2). At the end of 1958, there were 30 gas fields in Kansas under state jurisdiction, and monthly proration schedules were issued for 22 fields. In 1870, gas was discovered in the Cherokee Basin, and in 1888 on the Central Kansas Uplift. Jewett, J. M. (1956) Kansas; in, Underground storage of liquid hydrocarbons in the United States: Interstate Oil Compact Commission, Oklahoma City, p. 26-34. 3) with special reference to porous beds. Jewett, J. M., and Merriam, D. F. (1959) Geologic framework of Kansasa review for geophysicists; in, Symposium on geophysics in Kansas: Kansas Geol. B, p. 25-36. 1, p. 1-16. The information contained in these data is dynamic and may change over time and may differ from other official information. Sands, gravels, "mortar beds." 121, p. 1-167. Thickness as much as 275 feet. Beveled edge to about 150 feet in ancient basins. Principally shales, limestones, and sandstones; a few thin coal beds. 7). [available online], Moore, R. C., Frye, J. C., and Jewett, J. M. (1944) Tabular description of outcropping rocks in Kansas: Kansas Geol. Attention is called to Bulletin 89, "The Kansas Rock Column" by Moore and others (1951), and to a chart "Graphic Representation and Classification of Rocks in Kansas" (Jewett, 1959). These rocks identified in subsurface in Morton and Stanton Counties. As shown in Figure 3, older rocks are in general at shallower depth in the eastern part of Kansas than in the western part. Parts of sec. Sandy dolomite and fine-grained sandstone. The Ferguson and Denton fields will be operated as a single unit. Moore and others, 1951, p. 41; Moore and others, 1951a; O'Connor and others, 1953; Lee, 1949; Jewett, 1949, p. 32. [available online]. Kansas now ranks fifth among gas producing states and fourth in reserves. More or less similar to units next above. Bureau of Mines, United States Dept. Underground Gas Storage facilities are also regulated by the United States Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). ; withdrawals, direct from pipelineno compressors. They are interesting as potential reservoirs for gas storage. the Pennsylvanian section are mentioned above because some of the uppermost ones are not clearly defined from some that are classed as being in the Lower Permian. Survey, Oil and Gas Inves. A more or less typical cavity is about 200 feet high and 30 feet in diameter, but some "jugs" are 40 feet high and 100 feet in diameter. Industrial users assume some of the seasonal slack of residential users, but even so, the need to flatten out the annual curve of consumption and market, to utilize the pipeline capacity the year around, and to stabilize the gas producing industry in Kansas makes off-season storage of gas in underground reservoirs near transmission lines and enroute to market both desirable and necessary. In Rice, Ellsworth, Reno, and Kingman Counties, salt has been mined by the room-and-pillar method as well as hydraulically. Known oil and gas reservoirs are present throughout almost the whole Pennsylvanian rock section in Kansas. Outcropping and other rocks above the crystalline basement complex (Precambrian) and data more or less pertinent to gas storage are listed in Table 1. (1940) Geological studies in southwestern Kansas: Kansas Geol. Unprorated gas fields in Kansas are limited by statute not to run in excess of 25 percent of the open-flow capacity. These data and related graphics, if available, are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. For convenience, however, "Arbuckle" frequently is used for all Paleozoic rocks below Simpson beds and above the Lamotte Sandstone or other detrital basal accumulations on Precambrian rocks. 77, p. 1-308. The gas producing beds are reached at depths of about 2,560 to 2,950 feet below the surface, the average being about 2,700 feet. The thickness of these basal deposits ranges to about 100 feet, but commonly is much less. Figure 1Map of Kansas showing location of active gas fields and main gas transmission lines. Sandstones in lower part are suited as reservoirs in many small anticlinal structures in eastern Kansas. Some of the reservoirs are "structural traps" and others, commonly more prolific, are "stratigraphic traps" in beveled sub-Pennsylvanian beds. In Kansas, Devonian and Silurian rocks, together or in places where either of the two is present, commonly are called "Hunton" Limestone. They are in form somewhat similar to the oil- and gas-bearing "shoestring sands" in the Cherokee Group (Pennsylvanian) in eastern Kansas. Thickness of overburden, generally increasing westward, is about 2,000 feet in northwestern Kansas. Survey, v. 12, p. 1-59. Moore and others, 1951, p. 17; Plummer and Romary, 1942; Latta, 1946. In addition to the general conditions described above, some specific structures in eastern Kansas may be mentioned. It is estimated that in eight mines there is total space of almost 400 million cubic feet. 4, p. 1-31. A project for the injection and withdrawal of natural gas into an underground reservoir for the purpose of storage. Middle Pennsylvanian tectonic movements segregated areas in Kansas that now conveniently serve as petroliferous provinces (Moore and Jewett, 1942, fig. Several oil fields lie above small anticlines that are near the Nemaha structure on each of its sides. Most of the "highs" that are measurable in surface rocks are more pronounced in the subsurface, and many serve as oil and gas traps. Contains lead and zinc ores in southeastern Kansas. Probably of little interest at present time. 3 for distribution. [available online]. [available online], Lee, Wallace (1949) Subsurface geologic cross section from Barber County to Saline County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. [available online], Jewett, J. M., and Schoewe, W. H. (1942) Kansas mineral resources for wartime industries: Kansas Geol. In both basins the gently westward dipping Pennsylvanian rocks (Jewett and Merriam, 1959, fig. Mostly marine in origin, supposed nonmarine deposits in lower part. Important in Kansas City area. Such cavities, presently used for storing liquids, contain extensive mined-out space available for storage of gas (Jewett, 1956). Gentle folding produced low domes, anticlines, and "noses" that are discernible in outcropping rocks. This division has the Stone Corral (subsurface marker) Formation in the upper-middle part (and lies above more calcareous rocks of Wolfcampian age). 33, p. 1-114. This volume is more than double the total production of natural gas in Kansas prior to 1949 and four times the amount produced previous to 1938. Keroher, R. P., and Kirby, J. J. Geologic conditions in the Sedgwick Basin are more complex than in the Salina Basin. "Structural" traps are common, especially in Pennsylvanian rocks. Moore and others, 1951, p. 37; Swineford, 1955; Kulstad, 1960. Survey Bull. Oil and gas pools in Pennsylvanian sandstone are very numerous in eastern Kansas (Jewett, 1954). 3, p. 49-122. Surface in southwestern and subsurface in western Kansas. Thicker shales commonly varigated colors. Because of the general scarcity of faulting and steep folding, anticlinal and domal structures are relatively simple and easily defined (Jewett, 1951, 1958, 1960). 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, T. 12 S., R. 23 E; 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, T. 13 S., R 23 E. Parts of sec. Outcrops in small area in Morton County are believed to be of Triassic age and to be properly classed as part of Dockum Group. Survey Bull. 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE These data and related graphics, if available, are not legal documents and are not intended to be used as such. 27, 28, T. 22 S., R. 19 E. Parts of sec. Main divisions are the Boice Shale (above) and the Chattanooga Shale (Table 1). [available online], Kansas Geological Survey In other parts of Kansas the porosity, permeability, and attitude of rocks are such that in almost every county, gas storage projects may be initiated, it is believed, after not extensive investigation of geologic conditions. Survey Min. Survey Oil and Gas Inves., Prelim. 9, cross sec., p. 1-23. Enforcement letters sent by PHMSA, as a result of CalGEM inspections, can be found on PHMSA's stakeholder outreach webpage here. 11). The thickness of the productive zone is about 250 feet; within this thickness of strata there are five main gas "pays" that generally are persistent throughout the field but are not equally productive in different parts of the area. Jewett, J. M. (1951) Geologic structures in Kansas: Kansas Geol. Thick salt deposits suited to development of washed-out cavities for liquid storage but probably little potential in these rocks for natural gas storage in natural traps. pressure 295 lb. Abernathy, G. E. (1943) Deep water well at the Jayhawk Ordnance Works in Cherokee County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. The ancient structural features that now lend their names to geographic divisions of the state (Fig. In much of Kansas, Mississippian limestones are underlain by a rock section that is chiefly shale. (1960) Hutchinson saltstone, Permian, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Thickness of these rocks ranges from a featheredge on the flanks of the late-Paleozoic uplifts to about 1,800 feet. Investigations for porous strata in suitable structural positions would be somewhat more difficult in this general area than farther east in the state, but sufficient data seemingly are available for relatively simple studies. The large Denton Storage Area in Elk County was listed at a cost estimated at $4,337,000.00. Consolidated Gas Utilities Corporation operates the Collinson Gas Storage project in the Gibson field in Cowley County. All these rock units are in positions that are close to horizontaL Only on the flanks of major uplifts and very locally elsewhere are dips measured in angles of more than a fraction of a degree. 12, p. 85-90. They are absent in the area of the Nemaha Anticline in a belt extending from Nemaha and Marshall Counties on the northern . 57, p. 1-244. [available online]. The thickness, greatest along the eastern and southern borders of the state, exceeds 200 feet. Senate Bill 463 (Stern, 2019) directsCalGEMtoreview and revise itsUGSregulations to address the root causes identifiedforthe Aliso Canyon 2015 well leak and to develop regulations implementing a new chemical inventory reporting requirement for UGS wells. Table 1Stratigraphy of Kansas in Reference to Gas Storage in Rocks. Large amounts of gas also have been produced in the area. 4) are properly differentiated, inasmuch as there is distinct thinning of Mississippian rocks in a belt separating them. Moore, R. C., and Jewett, J. M. (1942) Oil and gas fields in Kansas: Mines Magazine, v. 32, no. Abandoned gas fields lie above many of them. As determined from marker beds, the dip is about 15 to 20 feet per mile and it is interrupted locally by minor deformations consisting of easterly pitching anticlines of low relief. Heretofore attention has been directed principally to geologic conditions that are the same as those in which gas now occurs. Because of the density of drilling in the Central Kansas area, many data as to porosity and attitude of comparatively shallow rocks are available. 6, p. 105-172. Jewett, J. M. (1958) Subsurface geology of Kansas and its relation to accumulation and production of oil and gas: Interstate Oil Compact Commission, Oil and Gas Compact Bull., v. 17, no. Depths to the known gas pools range from about 3,300 feet in Rice County to about 4,860 feet in Barber County. Cities Service's Colony project, in Anderson County, utilizes a trap of this kind. Survey Misc. Parts of sec. Thus both Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian rocks are included (Jewett, 1959; Table 1). Development cost of gas storage projects by private industry is difficult to determine and not necessarily useable because comparison between companies utilizing dissimilar storage reservoirs would be futile. Widespread in central and western Kansas, locally in eastern. In recent years gas production from outside and stratigraphically beneath the Hugoton has been gaining in importance. Commonly the sandstone bodies, some of which are believed to be littoral and some alluvial deposits, are elongate and narrow. Originally published in 1960 as Kansas Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigations 21. [available online], Jewett, J. M., and Newell, N. D. (1935) Geology of Wyandotte County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. On a regional structural basis, the two parts, both lying west of the Nemaha Anticline and east of the Central Kansas Uplift (Fig. According to accepted stratigraphic classification, the Arbuckle Group in Kansas comprises strata below the Simpson Group and above the Bonneterre Dolostone. It looks like your browser does not have JavaScript enabled. In almost all parts of Kansas, geologic conditions are favorable for economical storage of natural gas in porous rocks. This large area was basinal both before and after the movements that produced the Central Kansas Uplift and Nemaha Anticline. Also, even older structures, especially those of post-Middle-Devonianpre-Mississippian age, had given an entirely different grain to this part of the country. ("Basal conglomerate" of various ages within the Pennsylvanian System contains oil pools in several places.). Northward from Butler County (EI Dorado and Augusta fields) in the higher parts of the anticline, Pennsylvanian beds are in contact with Precambrian rocks, and only minor amounts of gas have been found in some of the Pennsylvanian sandstones. [available online], Moore, R. C., and others (1951a) Geology, mineral resources, and groundwater resources of Chase County, Kansas: Kansas Geol. Zones for storage include the Iola Limestone, "Severy", "Layton", "Squirrel", "Colony", "Bartlesville", and "Burgess" sandstones (Pennsylvanian) and the "Misener" (Devonian). Frye, J. C. (1949) Ground water in southwestern Kansas: Kansas Geol. 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 23, 26. Chiefly marine shales and limestones. This unit, generally less than 100 feet thick, probably is in part Mississippian in age and in part Devonian. The URL for this page is http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Publications/Bulletins/OGI21/index.html. See Fig. (1948) Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician rocks in Kansas: Kansas Geol. 11, 13, 14, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, 36, T. 31 S., R. 13 E; 19, 30, 31, T. 31 So, R. 14 E; 1, 2, T. 32 So, R. 13 E; 6, T. 32 S., R. 14 E; 15, 22, 27, 34, T. 31 So, R. 13 E; 3. Thickness about 40 feet. Some of the gas storage projects in eastern Kansas, described in another part of this report, for example Cities Service Gas Company's McLouth project (Table 2), are in structural traps of the aforementioned kind. As hydrocarbon traps these reservoirs may be uninfluenced by localized tectonic conditions and are regarded as "stratigraphic" traps. In Cowley and Elk Counties, in the southern part of the Cherokee Basin, several anticlines containing oil and gas pools are typical of localized structural conditions in Pennsylvanian rocks in that part of Kansas. It is evident, however, that gas can be stored in artificial reservoirs. [available online]. In passing it may be mentioned that thick salt deposits higher in the Permian beds are suitable for washed-out cavities. 47, pt. These deposits now are almost confined to the area of the old Northeast Kansas Basin, an area in eastern Kansas northeast of a line from Phillips County to Cowley County and northwest of a line from Cowley County to Miami County. Sandstones throughout section, but more extensive in lower part, offer many reservoirs in an area extending many miles west of outcrops. [available online], Lee, Wallace, Leatherock, Constance, and Botinelly, Theodore (1948) The stratigraphy and structural development of the Salina Basin of Kansas: Kansas Geol. Phone: 202-366-4595 B. Strata of Cretaceous age are spread across all of northwestern Kansas and as far eastward as central Kansas (Fig. Depths to potential reservoirs in Pennsylvanian rocks throughout the two basinal areas range from a few hundred to about 4,500 feet. Not present in areas of greatest gas consumption. Sandstones are fine grained and of low porosity. "Shoestring sand" oil and gas pools, at depths ranging to about 3,000 feet, but except in the southwest part much shallower, averaging perhaps about 1,000 feet, are plentiful in the Cherokee Basin and the southern part of the Forest City Basin.

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